The Higgs boson is a particle that helps give mass to other particles in the universe. Its discovery confirmed the existence of the Higgs field, an invisible field that interacts with particles and gives them their mass.

I) Alpha Decay:

When a nucleus emits an alpha particle, the daughter nucleus has an atomic number that is reduced by 2 compared to the parent nucleus. This means the daughter nucleus is a different element from the parent nucleus.

II) Beta Decay:

a) Beta-Minus Decay (β-): The daughter nucleus has one more proton and one less neutron compared to the parent nucleus. This increases the atomic number of the daughter nucleus by 1 while keeping the mass number the same.

b) Beta-Plus Decay (β+): The...

1. Alpha Particles:

- Charge: +2 (double positive charge)

- Mass: 4 atomic mass units (AMU)

- Symbol: α

- Composition: Consists of two protons and two neutrons, similar to a helium nucleus.

- Speed: Moves at a slower speed compared to beta particles and gamma rays.

- Penetration: Due to their larger size and double positive charge, alpha particles have low penetration power. They can be stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper.

- Ionization: Alpha particles cause significant...

1. Radioactive Decay:

- Definition: Radioactive decay is a spontaneous process in which an unstable atomic nucleus undergoes a change, resulting in the emission of radiation.

- Mechanism: It occurs when an atomic nucleus is unstable due to an imbalance between the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The unstable nucleus transforms itself into a more stable configuration by emitting radiation.

- Energy Release: In radioactive decay, energy is released in the form of various types of...

1. Roentgen (R): The Roentgen is a unit measuring the amount of X-rays or gamma rays in the air.

2. Red (Radiation Equivalent Dose): The Red measures the biological effect of radiation on tissues or organs.

3. Rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man): The Rem is an older unit quantifying the radiation dose's potential harm to humans.

Radioactivity is a spontaneous phenomenon because certain atomic nuclei, known as radioactive isotopes, are inherently unstable. They have an imbalance of protons and neutrons, which leads to their instability. In order to achieve a more stable state, these nuclei undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process. This decay can occur in three main ways: alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. The decay process is not influenced or controlled by external factors but happens...