11 Chemistry -- Foundation and Fundamentals of Chemistry

Atomic no. (Z) = 13 and atomic mass (A) = 27
No. of neutrons = A-Z = 27 - 13 = 14
No. of electrons = 13 - 3 = 10

Al atom loses 3e^- to form Al⁺³.

The permanent change in which one compound is transformed into other compound have different properties is known as chemical change.

Two important characters are:

a. It is irreversible change.
b. New compound having different properties are formed.

Atomic no. (Z) = 19 and Atomic mass (A) = 39
No. of neutrons = (A - Z) = (39 - 19) = 20
No. of electrons = Number of protons = Atomic number

CH₄

The empirical formula represents the atomic ratio of HO present in its molecules.

Chemistry as a science begins with matter.

Chemistry is a branch of science that basically deals with study of composition and properties of matter and also physical and chemical interaction which may take place among matters.

Matter is anything that possesses mass, occupies space and may be perceived through one or more of our senses.

Flow chart of classification of matter:

Matter is anything that possesses mass, occupies space and may be perceived through one or more senses.

The physical divisions of matter are:

1. Solid : Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. A solid will retain its shape; the particles are not free to move around.

2. Liquid : Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. It will take the shape of its container. Particles can move about within a liquid, but they are packed densely enough that volume is...

Law : A law is a summarized statement of results obtained by experiments. A law can say what happens but it can't answer why does it happen.

Hypothesis : A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it.

Theory : A theory is a proposed model introduced to establish a relationship between hypothetical causes and experimental observation ( effect).

The scope and depth of chemistry is...

According to Dalton's atomic theory, an atom is defined as the smallest indivisible particle of an element having no free existence in nature.

Atoms are composed of protons, electrons and neutrons.

Chemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical elements, functional groups and chemical compounds.

Elements with their symbol and latin name are as follow:

1. Nucleon : A proton or a neutron present in the nucleus of an atom of an element is called nucleon . Example: Carbon consist of 6 protons and 6 neutrons . i.e., there are 12 nucleons in C atom.

2. Atomic Number : The atomic number is the total number of protons present in the atom. Example : the atomic number of sodium is 11. i.e., it contains 11 protons and 11 electrons.

3. Atomic Mass Number : The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) present...

Questions no. 1(a)

Solutions:

Given, Molecular formula of glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆.

Here, Atomic mass of one C inC₆H₁₂O₆= 12 amu

Atomic mass of one H inC₆H₁₂O₆= 1 amu

Atomic mass of one O inC₆H₁₂O₆= 16 amu

Now, molecular mass of the compound = (6*12)+(12*1)+(6*16)=180 units

Question no.1(b).

Solutions:

Given, Molecular formula of glucose isC₆H₁₂O₆.

Here, Mass of C inC₆H₁₂O₆= 6*12 =72

Mass of H inC₆H₁₂O₆=12*2 = 24

Mass of O inC₆H₁₂O₆= 6*16 =96

Now, mass ratio of C:H:O = 72 : 24 : 96 = 3 :1 :...

The changes in which new substance with new chemical properties are formed are called chemical change.

Example: Reaction between washing soda and lemon juice in which CO and other substances are formed.

Original substances participating in a chemical reaction are known as the reactants.

The new substance formed after chemical reaction are known as the products.

The general characteristics of a chemical reaction are :

i). Evolution of gas

ii). Formation of a precipitate

iii). Change in...

Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions in which the reactants and the products are expressed in terms of their respective chemical formulae.

The burning of wood leads to the formation of new substances like ash (carbon), carbon dioxide gas, water vapour, heat and light. This change is irreversible and hence, considered as chemical change.

Some significance of chemical equation are :

1. It explains the specific conditions of temperature,...

All that is implied by the chemical equation 2H₂ + O₂ 2H₂O are

It explains that on hydrolysis of water we get hydrogenation and oxygen as a product.

# Molecular mass ofH₂=2 g/mol

# Molecular mass ofO₂=32 g/mol

From the balanced chemical equation,

2 2=4 g of hydrogen requires 32 g of Oxygen to react completely.

# Limitations of this equation are

1. It doesn't give the conditions required to carry out chemical equation.

2. It doesn't tell whether heat is absorbed or evolved in the reaction unless the...

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants.

Examples :

i. Combustion

ii. Oxidation (rusting

iii. Decomposition or fermentation

iv. Photosynthesis

v. Reacting acids and bases together.

The different types of chemical reaction are

1.Combination reaction:

In...

Method 1 :

Hit and Trial Method:

The simplest method to balance a chemical equation is by the hit and trial method. This method is also called trial and error method, or inspection method. In this method, coefficient before the formulae or symbols of the reactants and products are adjusted in such a way that the total number of atoms of each element only both the sides become equal. This is called material balance, or mass balance. In this method first of all, atoms of the element which appears...

# Limestone doesn't exist out in the world as pure calcium carbonate for the most part, and making it into a pure substance usually requires some kind of processing. Mostly, this is us making a distinction between calcium carbonate (the compound) and limestone (the material out in the world).

# The atomic masses of most elements are fractional because they exist as a mixture of isotopes of different masses.Most elements occur as a mixture of isotopes of different masses. The fractional atomic...

Symbols are the short abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical elements, functional groups and chemical compounds.

The qualitative and quantitative significance of symbol are :

1) As each element has its own unique symbol, it can be used to identify the element; moreover, with the use of symbols, the periodic table looks compact and organized. If the name of each element is to be written in the periodic table, then the data will not be organized anymore. Hence, the major qualitative...