Puspak Sah

Dipole moment is the product of magnitude of the charge (q) and the distance between the centre (d) of the charges is called dipole moment.

It is usually denoted byμ.

The factors affecting dipole moment are:

• Polarity of molecule.
• Magnitude of charge.
• Geometry of molecule.

Bond length is defined as the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule.

Bolnd length depends upon the Electronegativity difference of combining atoms, Atomic size of combining atoms, Nature of Hybridization and Type of bond.

• Molecule with higher EN difference have shorter bond length.
• Molecule whose constituent atoms are larger in size has larger bond length.
• Molecules with sp hybridization have shorter bond lengths than those with sp2 and sp3 hybrization.
• Multiple...

Sigma bond is stronger than Pi bond.

Following are the major differences between pi bond and sigma bond:

Hybridization is defined as the process of formation of degenerate hybrid orbitals by the inter-mixing of atomic orbitals of comparable energy levels. This concept was introduced to strengthen the Valence Bond Theory.

Following are the types of hybridization:

sp hybridization:

In this hybridization, one s-orbital and one p-orbital combine together to form two sp hybrid orbitals. Each hybrid orbital has 50% s-character and 50% p-character.

sp2 hybridization:

In this hybridization, one s-orbital and...

Wolfgang Pauli in 1925, put forward a principle that restrict some of the values of quantum numbers of electrons in an atom. Pauli's exclusion principle states," no two electrons in an atom can all the four quantum numbers same." In other word if three of the quantum numbers for two electrons in an atom are identical, the fourth quantum number for the two electrons should differ.

Heitler and London in 1927 developed valence bond theory based on quantum mechanical model of an atom. According to...

The VSEPR theory explains that the approximate shape of the molecule can be predicted from the number of electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom.

The postulates of the VSEPR theory are listed below:

• In polyatomic molecules one of the constituent atoms is the central atom to which all other atoms are linked.
• The total number of valence shell electron pairs (lone pair and bond pair) decides the shape of the molecule.
• The electron pairs are oriented in a way that electrostatic...

Resonance isa way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the bonding cannot be expressed by a single Lewis formula.

A molecule or ion with such delocalized electrons is represented by several resonance structures. Resonance structures represent different ways of placing electrons on the atoms in a molecule's Lewis dot structure.

It is possible to write more than one equivalent resonance structure for a molecule or ion,the actual structure is the...