Metallurgy of Copper

Extracting copper from its oresThe method used to extract copper from its ores depends on the nature of the ore. Sulfide ores such as chalcopyrite ( CuFeS2 ) are converted to copper by a different ...

Heavy Metal Toxicity

↪ Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements having atomic weight and density at least 5 times greater than that of water. ↪ Their usage in modern age is tremendous. ↪ Because of their multiple ...

Hess's law and it's applications

G.H. Hess, a Russian chemist, gave a law about the heat of reaction. It States that the total amount of heat evolved or absorbed in a reaction is same whether the reaction takes place in one step o...

GIBB'S FREE ENERGY

For chemical systems, the value of ΔS was not always possible to determine. As a result, a new thermodynamic function was needed to predict the direction of spontaneity. J. Gibbs introduced a new ...

Energetics of Chemical reaction

Thermodynamic termsIn order to study the law of thermodynamics it is essential to understand certain terms used in thermodynamics. These terms have definite meaning. So, the most commonly used term...

Enthalpy

EnthalpyThe energy stored in a substance that can be available in the form of heat is called enthalpy or heat constant. It indicated by the symbol H.MathematicallyH = E + PV ………….(i)Where E = inter...

SILVER

SILVERSilver is the most conducting metal with atomic number 47 and represented with the symbol ‘Ag’ in the periodic table.Silver is abundant in mineral-rich soils. It is available in the mixed for...