Pteridophytes

Ferns are the plants having vascular tissue. They reproduce by spores and don’t produce flowers and seed. Hence, they are called vascular cryptogams.

Root: Thin, slender, present below stem, adventitious roots that bear root cap and root hair

Stem: May be dichotomously branched, obliquely placed, perennial, prostrate. Stem is modified into rhizome and is covered by brown hairs called ramenta.

Leaves: Petiolate, pinnately compound- called frond. Compound leaf bear many leaflet called pinnae. Pinnae develops on main stalk called rachis. Each pinnae is again divided into smaller segments called pinnules.

2 types of leaves in dryopteris

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Meiospores are haploid spores formed by sporic meiosis in the sporangium within spore bearing sporophyll.

Prothallus is referred to the gametophytic structure of the plant, that contain the gametes of the plant and is independent.