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Fruit

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Fruit is regarded as the ripen ovary with seeds covered by pericarp.

Classification :

On the basis of origin :

1. True fruit

2. False fruit

3. Parthenocarpic fruit

· True fruit : It develops from ovary where ovule forms seeds and wall of ovary matures as pericarp. They are mainly result of superior ovary.

Eg : Mango,Tomato, Pea,Coconut

· False / pseudo fruit : fleshy and edible portion of fruit develops from receptacle or thalamus and not from the wall of ovary. They are result of mostly inferior ovary.

Eg : apple

· Partheno carpic fruit : fruit without seed or non viable seed

Eg : today’s banana, grapes watermelons orange these are artificially induced without fertiilization.

On the basis of structure : as follows ;

Description:

1. Simple fruits : they are resulted from syncarpous ovary or monocarpellary ones.

Further sub types :

a. Dry fruits :

Pericarp not differentiated into three regions i.e. epicarp mesocarp and endocarp.

And pericarp is dry.

Three types of dry fruits :

· Dehiscent or capsular fruit.

1. Legume / pod :

Developed from superior monocarpellary gynoecium that dehisces by both the halves via suture . eg: members of fabaceae like pea, gram, bean

2. Follicle : develops from superior bicarpellary gynoecium but unilocular ovary and dehiscence occur by only one half . eg : Calotropis

3. Siliqua : elongated, linear many seeded develops from superior bi carpellary unilocular ovary with parietal placentation . This dehisces by both the halves from base to apex .

Eg : cruciferae family members

( silcula is just flat shortened siliqua eg : Iberis )

4. Capsule : developed from multi carpellary syncarpous ovary

They can dehisce via :

1. Pore eg : Papaver somniferum ,Argenome

2. Locule eg : cotton. Lady finger

3. Septa eg : linum

4. Septa breaks to segments eg : Datura

· In dehiscent or achenal fruit :

1. Achene

Formed from monocarpellary pistil with superior unilocular ovary .

Membranous or ,leathery pericarp

Pericarp is free of seed coat except for one point .

2. Caryopsis :

Developed from monocarpellary pistil with superior ovary

Here pericarp and testa are completely fused .

This type of fruit are iconic feature of members of Gramineae family

3. Cypsela

Developed from inferior bicarpellary ovary eg : Compositeae family members .

4. Samara

Winged fruit from bi or tri carpellary .

Eg : shorea (sal)

5. Nut :

One seeded from superior syncarpous pistil with pericarp hard woody ir leathery .

Eg : Litchi, oak nut, cashew nut, water chest nut

· Schizocarpic or splitting fruits :

Many seeded dry simple fruit that breaks up to one seeded zone at maturity .

Types :

1. Lomentum : a constricted pod.

2. Cremocarp : two seeded fruit at maturity splits into two mericarps . Eg : coriander , carrot

3. Carcerulus : fruit breaks up into indehiscent and single seeded 3 or more mericarps EG: malva

4. Double samara: eg : Acer

5. Regma : dry three to many chambered fruit from syncarpous pistil eg: castor , Euphorbia

b. Fleshy or succulent fruit :

Here, 3 region of pericarp found and these region becomes fleshy as name suggests.

Types :

a. Drupe :

here endocarp is hard socalled stone fruit eg: Mango, coconut , plum .Almond

b. Bacca or berry :

fleshy many seeded fruit with axile placentation .

Eg : tomato, guava ,grape, banana

c. Pepo : fleshy mainly seeded developed from inferior syncarpous pistil.

Eg: cucurbits such as cucumber, pumpkin, watermelon.

d. Pome : fleshy syncarpous fruit surrounded by thalamus while actual fruit lies within .eg: apple, pear

e. Hesperdium: superior many celled fleshy fruit with axile placentation . endocarp project inward forming distinct chamber. Epicarp and mesocarp fuse together to for separable skin

Eg : citrus like orange, lemon.