10 Eph -- Demography, Population Change and Management

Demography is the scientific and statical study of population, population change, size, its components, process and other various related factors is called demography.

'John Graunt' is known as the father of demography.

Any two social consequences of rapid population growth rate are:
        - Unemployment increases leading to poverty.
        - Health, education, transportation and other facilities becomes insufficient in the society.

Sex ratio is the ratio of male population to female population that is expressed as the number of male population for every 100 female population.

Mid year population is considered as the total population of any place at the mid of the year and calculated as the average of total population in the first and final day of the year.

Any two adverse Impact of uncontrolled migration on social aspects are:
        - Uneven distribution of human resource.
        - Centralization of social and infrastructural facilities.

Any two examples of direct measures of population control measures are:
        - Appropriate age at marriage.
        - Use of contraceptive devices.

Any two disadvantages of Norplant are:
        - Irregular mensuration in the beginning.
        - No prevention of STDs, STIs and HIV/AIDS.

Total fertility rate is the average number of live births to a women throughout her reproductive period. It summarizes the pattern of age specific fertility rate. It just a mathematical estimation of fertility rate rather than actual calculation. TFR can be calculated by multiplying the sum total of age specific fertility rate by 5 and dividing by 1,000.

Mathematically,
TFR = 5 * ( ΣASFR/1000 )
Here,
TFR: Total Fertility Rate.
ΣASFR: Total sum of Age Specific...

A substance or a combination of substances, usually steroids administered orally which prevents conception or pregnancy is called oral pills.
Its advantages are:
        - It is inexpensive.
        - It helps to continue mensuration.
Its disadvantages are:
        - It is not effective if not taken regularly.
        - Doctor's advice should be taken before using it.

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place by crossing its migration defining area and minimum dime duration by changing usual place of residence in the search of betterment and advancement.
Gross migration rate calculated by taking sum of total number of in-migrants and out-migrants in a specific year per 1,000 mid a year population of same year.

Mathematically
GMR = ( I+O/P ) * 1000
Where,
I= in-migrants.
O= out-migrants.
P=...

Cervical mucus method of contraception refers to test of mucus secreted by cervix to determine the safe & unsafe period of conception. The period with the chance of conception by checking the cervical mucus carefully. If the mucus is thick and sexual intercourse is done, there is high chance of conception by if the mucus is thin, there less chance of conception. Thus, this is the brief description about cervical mucus test method of contraception.

Infant mortality rate can be defined as the total number of deaths of infants per 1000 live births in a specific area during a year.

Here,
Total number of live births (B)=2100
Total number of infant deaths (Do) = 60
Now,
IMR = ( Do/B ) * 1000
        = ( 60/2100 ) * 1000
        = 28.57
IMR of Pathari Sanischare Municipality in 2015 A.D was 28.57 per 1000 live births.

The impact of migration on socio-economic and environmental aspects are:

- Socio-economic aspects.
Migration has both positive and negative impacts on socio-economic aspects. Due to migration, power, facilities, and services get centralized. And such centralization results in overcrowd in all fields such as health, education, employment, security, etc. Consequently, there col be lack of insufficient education and a health facilities, unemployment,...

a.    Fecundity and Fertility.

b.    Natural and Artificial factor of population change.

It is one of the natural contraception method. It is probably the 1st scientific method based on periodic abstinence to be developed. Essentially, a women should record body temperature immediately on walking each morning to get a reading of basal temperature. To get proper record of every chance of body temperature, the thermometer should be kept either in mouth or armpit.

Rate of natural increase is the rate at which a population of a particular place is increasing or decreasing in a given year due to the surplus or deficit of births over deaths, expressed as percentage of the base year.

Mathematically,
RNI = (CRR - CDR/1000) * 100
Where,
RNI : Rate of Natural Increase.
CBR: Crude Birth Rate.
COR: Crude Death Rate.

Depo-Provera is a female contraceptive device. It is also called Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). Depo and Megestron. It contains progestin hormone which suppresses the development of ova.
Its advantages are:
        - It's 99% effective.
        - No tension of taking pills daily.
Its disadvantages are:
        - It may increase the weight of the body in some females.
 ...

Population growth rate is the rate at which population is increasing due to natural increase and net migration, expressed as the percentage of base population.
Rapid population growth rate is the population growth rate with more than 2% and TFR is more than replacement level (2.1).

Dependency ratio is the ratio of dependent population to independent population multiplied by 100.

Old and young dependency ratio is calculated by:
CDR = [Pⁿ (0-14) / Pⁿ (15-59)] * 100
ODR = [Pⁿ (60 above) / Pⁿ (15-59)] * 100
Advantages of having knowledge of dependency ratio are:
        - To find the total dependent people.
        - To find the total independent people.
        - To know how...