35 Eph -- Demography, Population Change and Management

Explain the impact of population on socio-economic and environmental aspects.

1 Answers

The impact of migration on socio-economic and environmental aspects are:

- Socio-economic aspects.
Migration has both positive and negative impacts on socio-economic aspects. Due to migration, power, facilities, and services get centralized. And such centralization results in overcrowd in all fields such as health, education, employment, security, etc. Consequently, there col be lack of insufficient education and a health facilities, unemployment, more theft and robbery, etc.

- Environmental aspects.
Migration also has positive and negative impacts on environmental aspects. Uncontrolled migration results in urbanization which can be the cause of pollution of air, water, land and so on. Forest & vegetation get destructed, life of aquatic and terrestrial beings get hampered. Consequently, whole eco-system get disturbed and results in different cruel disasters, starvation and destruction of health of people. In other hand, migration sometime helps in decentralization of population that collaborate sustainable development of the community socially and economically.

Define demography.

Demography is the scientific and statical study ofpopulation, populationchange, size, its components,process and other various related factors is calleddemography.

Who known as the father of demography?

'John Graunt' is known as the father of demography.

Mention any two social consequences of rapid population growth rate.

Any two social consequences of rapid population growthrate are:
- Unemployment increases leading to poverty.
- Health, education, transportation and other facilitiesbecomes insufficientin the society.

What is sex ratio?

Sex ratio is the ratio of male population to femalepopulation that is expressed as the number of malepopulation forevery100 female population.

What is mid-year population?

Mid year population is considered as the total population of any place at the mid of the year and calculated asthe average of total population in the first and finalday of the year.

Mention any two adverse impact of uncontrolled migration on social aspects.

Any two adverse Impact of uncontrolled migration onsocial aspects are:
- Uneven distribution of human resource.
- Centralization of social and infrastructural facilities.

Give any two examples of direct measures of population control measures.

Any two examples of direct measures of populationcontrol measures are:
- Appropriateage at marriage.
-Use of contraceptive devices.

Give any two disadvantages of Norplant.

Any two disadvantages of Norplant are:
- Irregular mensurationin the beginning.
- No prevention of STDs, STIs and HIV/AIDS.

What is total fertility rate? How is it calculated?

Total fertility rate is the average number of live birthsto a women throughout her reproductive period.It summarizes the pattern of age specific fertility rate.It just a mathematical estimation of fertility raterather than actual calculation. TFR can be calculatedby multiplying the sum total of age specificfertilityrate by 5 and dividing by 1,000.

Mathematically,
TFR = 5 * ( ΣASFR/1000 )
Here,
TFR: Total Fertility Rate.
ΣASFR: Total sum of Age Specific Fertility Rate.

Briefly explain about oral pills with their advantages and disadvantages.

A substance or a combination of substances, usuallysteroids administered orally which prevents conceptionor pregnancy is called oral pills.
Its advantagesare:
-It is inexpensive.
-It helps to continue mensuration.
Its disadvantages are:
-It is not effective if not taken regularly.
-Doctor's advice should be taken before using it.

Give the meaning of migration. How gross migration mate is calculated?

Migration is the movement of people from one placeto another place by crossing its migration defining areaand minimum dime duration by changing usual placeof residence in the searchof betterment and advancement.
Gross migration rate calculated by taking sum oftotal number of in-migrants and out-migrantsin aspecific year per 1,000 mid a yearpopulation of sameyear.

Mathematically
GMR = ( I+O/P ) * 1000
Where,
I= in-migrants.
O= out-migrants.
P= mid-year population.
GMR= GrossMigrantsRate.

Briefly describe about the cervical mucus method of contraception.

Cervical mucus method of contraception refers to testof mucus secreted by cervix to determine the safe &unsafe period of conception. The period with the chanceof conception by checking the cervical mucus carefully.If the mucus is thick and sexual intercourse is done,there is high chance of conception by if the mucus isthin, there less chance of conception. Thus, thisis the brief description about cervical mucus test methodof contraception.

Define infant mortality rate? Suppose 2,100 live births were recorded in Pathari Sanischare Municipality in 2015 AD. Among them 60 infants died of age below 1 year. Find infant mortality rate.

Infant mortality rate can be defined as the totalnumber of deaths of infantsper 1000 live births ina specific area during a year.

Here,
Total number of live births (B)=2100
Total number of infant deaths (Do) = 60
Now,
IMR = ( Do/B ) * 1000
= ( 60/2100 ) * 1000
= 28.57
IMR of Pathari Sanischare Municipality in 2015 A.Dwas 28.57 per 1000 live births.

Write the differences between:a. Fecundity and Fertility.b. Natural and Artificial factor of population change.c. Vasectomy and Minilap.d. Net migration rate and Gross migration rate.

a. Fecundity and Fertility.

Fecundity	Fertility
It is the biological capacity to participate in reproduction process.	It is the actual performance of reproduction.
All fecund women aren't fertile.	All fertile women are fecund.
It cannot be counted in number.	It can be counted in number.

b. Natural and Artificial factor of population change.

Naturalfactor	Artificial factor
It changes the population naturally.	It changes the population artificially.
The natural cause of...

Write short note on basal body temperature method.

It is one of the natural contraception method. It isprobably the 1st scientific method based on periodicabstinenceto be developed. Essentially, a women shouldrecord body temperature immediately on walking eachmorning to get a reading of basal temperature.To get properrecord of every chance of body temperature, thethermometer should be kept either in mouth or armpit.

Write short note on rate of natural increase.

Rate of natural increase is the rate at which apopulation of a particularplace is increasing ordecreasing in a given year due to the surplus or deficitof births over deaths, expressed as percentage of thebaseyear.

Mathematically,
RNI = (CRR - CDR/1000) * 100
Where,
RNI : Rate of Natural Increase.
CBR: Crude Birth Rate.
COR: Crude Death Rate.

Write short note on Depo-Provera.

Depo-Provera is a female contraceptive device. It isalso called Depot-medroxyprogesteroneacetate (DMPA).Depo and Megestron. It contains progestin hormonewhich suppressesthe development of ova.
Its advantagesare:
-It's 99% effective.
-No tension of taking pills daily.
Its disadvantages are:
-It may increase the weight of the body in some females.
-It doesn't prevent STDs, STIs and HIV/AIDS.

What is Rapid population growth?

Population growth rate is the rate at which populationis increasing due to natural increase and net migration,expressed as the percentage of base population.
Rapid population growth rate is the populationgrowth rate with more than 2% and TFR is morethan replacement level (2.1).

What is dependency ratio? How can you calculate old and young dependency ratio? What are the advantages of having knowledge of dependency ratio?

Dependency ratio is the ratio of dependent populationto independent population multiplied by 100.

Old and young dependencyratio is calculated by:
CDR = [Pⁿ(0-14) / Pⁿ(15-59)] * 100
ODR = [Pⁿ (60 above) /Pⁿ(15-59)] * 100
Advantages of having knowledge of dependency ratio are:
-To find the total dependent people.
-To find the total independent people.
-To know how many people are dependedtoeach independent people.
-To make policy makers easytoformulate policiesfor dependent and...

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