Prabin Kalikote

For tissue culture, a few cells of a plant to be propagated are taken and kept into a culture solution under sterile conditions. In this solution a sharpless lump is produced by rapid cell divisions of the plant cell. Then the lump or callus is transferred into another culture solution containing suitable plant hormones, which stimulate the callus to develop roots. This callus with root is transferred to other culture solution for its...

Tissue culture is done because:
        - To produce large number of off springs having similar features.
        - Adult plants can be produced in short time.
        - Many plantlets can be produced without seeds.

Tongue grafting is the method of vegetative propagation in which the lower portion of the scion and upper portion of stock is cut obliquely to combine them together.

Grafting is the type of vegetative propagation in which a plant of superior quality is obtained by combining the root of a plant and shoot of other plant.
In whip grafting, the scion and the stock are cut slanting and then joined. The grafted point is then bound with tape or plastic and covered with soft wax to prevent dehydration and germs. The scion and stock combine within 2-3 months. Then the plastic tape can be removed.

Mound layering is the typical propagation technique in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearby horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward.
For air layering, the target region of the stem is wounded, or a strip of bark is removed and then encased in a moisture retaining medium. Rooting hormone is often applied to encourage the growth of roots. The wounded portion develops into roots. Finally, the portion is separated from the parent plant to get new plant.

Layering is the artificial method of reproduction in which roots are developed on the stem while the stem is still attached to the parent plant.
The various method of layering are:
        - Simple layering.
        - Compound layering.
        - Tip layering.
        - Mound layering.
        - Air layering.

a.    Binary and Multiple fusion.

b.    Sperm and Ovum.

c.    Ovum and...