Suicidal bag also known as lysosome is a cell organelle which are sphere shaped sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes that have the capability to break down many types of biomolecules including the useful cells and materials that can derail the functioning of the cell . It mostly occurs in ageing, dead and diseased cells.

Lysosome is called as suicidal bag because it helps in the self-destruction of its cell, tissue or organs by releasing the lysosomal enzymes caused by rupturing of their...

Generally, cell wall is composed of cellulose which is one of its strongest layer. However, decomposition of additional amount of lignin on the cellulose forms the secondary cell wall which is primarily responsible for providing the rigidity to the cell. Hence, lignin is the chemical that gives rigidity to the cell wall.

The streaming movement of cytoplasm within the eukaryotic cell is called Cyclosis.

Cyclosis is important because of following reasons:

• It helps in movement of cell organelles and cell inculsions.
• It helps in distribution of materials inside the cell.
• It helps in formation of pseudopodia in Amoeba and leucocytes.

Cell inculsions are non living, metabolically inactive substances present in cytoplasm. They are also called as deutoplasmic bodies or ergastic bodies. For eg: Carbohydrates, proteins, essential oils, latex, mineral crystals, cellulose, inulin, fats, oils, pigment, enzymes etc. They may also be produced as a by product of various metabolic activities inside the cell.

The small tennis racket like structure present in the cristae in the inner membrane of mitochondria are called F₁ particles. They are also called elementary particles or oxysomes.

In the head of F1 particles, enzyme ATPase or ATP synthase is present which controls the synthesis of ATP, so these are the functional unit of mitochondria Al's called as ATP particles

Mitochondria and Plastids are the two semi-autonomous cell organelles.

They are called semi-autonomous cell organelles because they have got all the requirements for the synthesis of proteins and enzymes for their functioning like:

I) 70S type of ribosomes

ii)Self replicating DNA molecules which can form RNA

iii) ATP molecules to provide energy.

However, they are not fully autonomous and some activities are performed by nuclear DNA.

If the passage of substances across the selectively permeable plasma membrane requires the energy then it is called active transport.The energy required for active transport is obtained from ATP in the cell. For eg: Salt intake by plants take place through active transport.

Plasmodesmata are the gaps formed during the development of primary and secondary cell wall. They are important as they act as a cytoplasmic bridges or junctions between two adjacent cells and help in transfer of materials.

The two types of proteins in fluid mosaic model are:

I) Extrinsic or peripheral proteins : They are the proteins that lie outside the outer and inner surface of Phospholipid bilayer.

ii) Intrinsic or internal proteins: They are partially or completely embedded over Phospholipid bilayer

Phagocytosis: It is the process of intake of large sized solid food particles by cell. It is also called as cell eating process.

Pinocytosis: It is the process of large sized liquid nutrients by cell. It is also called as cell drinking process.

Exocytosis: It is the process of expelling large sized materials outside the cell. It is also called as cell vomiting process.

Huxley defined protoplasm as "physical basis of life" because it is the fundamental substance in all organisms. Protoplasm is endowed with life and as protoplasm does cell ceases to function and dies.

Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of a cell as they release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

1. protein synthesis= ribosomes
2. photosynthesis= chloroplasts

cellular totipotency is the capacity of development of a whole body of organism from the living nucleated vegetative cell.

They are:

1. it could not explain the active and bulk transport of materials through the cell membrane
2. it couldn't explain the transport of solute and solvent through the cell membrane
3. lipid: protein ratio does not favor this method
4. it does not explain the functional specificity and variability in the biomembranes.

Cell

The modern cell theory states;

a.) Cells are the basic unit of both structure and function of living organisms.

b.) The body of an organism is made up of cell and their products.

c.) Every cell is made up of a small mass of protoplasm (nucleus, cell- organelles and plasma membrane with or without cell wall. )

d.) New cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.

e.) Growth of an organism takes place through cell division and cell growth.

f.) Life passes from one generation to the next in...

Mitochondria is double membranous, semi autonomous structure which is the power house of the cell. It is a membrane bound cellular structure found in most of the eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondria is semi autonomous because of following reasons;

1. It has it's own DNA which can replicate independent of the nuclear DNA.

2. It also has it's own ribosome which helps in protein synthesis.

As mentioned above , mitochondria can synthesize protein, enzymes and other material on it's own due to it's DNA and...

These are the different types of cell wall :-

1. Plant Cell Wall (Cellulosic cell wall)

(Image of plant cell wall)

https://images.app.goo.gl/xecscFUZsfhK67JM9

2. Bacterial Cell Wall (Muramic cell wall)

(Image of bacterial cell wall)

https://images.app.goo.gl/Kjf3ZLduYvJX1w4dA

3. Fungal Cell Wall (Chitinous cell wall)

(Image of fungal cell wall)

https://images.app.goo.gl/TDEvW1pBr7uPgZvGA

4. Algal Cell Wall

(Image of Algal Cell Wall)

https://images.app.goo.gl/JLtMap73Qm8CMCn9A

5. Archaeal Cell Wall

(Image...

The secretion of any cell which gets incorporated into the cell surface and protects the cell from external environment, also is itself renewed periodically is referred to as a cell coat. The functions of the cell coat include :

1. To protect the cell membrane,

2. To aid the diffusion process,

3. To help in cell recognition during cell communication.

The type of ribosome is determined by the speed with which they sediment in a centrifuge.

Two basic types of ribosomes are:

1. 70S ribosome

Subunits: 30S and 50S

2. 80S ribosome

Subunits: 40S and 60S

Structure of Mitochondria:

1. Double membrane: Mitochondria have two membranes—an outer membrane and an inner membrane—that enclose the organelle.

2. Inner membrane folds: The inner membrane contains numerous folds called cristae, which increase the surface area available for chemical reactions.

3. Matrix: The innermost compartment of the mitochondria is called the matrix, which is enclosed by the inner membrane and contains a gel-like substance.

4. DNA: Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as...