The biological process in which living organisms produce their own kind by asexual or sexual method is called reproduction.
Living beings reproduce for the existence of their kind or species on the earth from generation to
generation.

The method of reproduction which takes place from asingle parent without the fusion of male and female gameteis called reproduction.
The basic features of asexual reproduction are:
-In asexual reproduction, only single organisms isinvolved.
-It iseasyand rapid method of reproduction.
-The off springs produced are genetically identical.
-Gametesare not produced, fertilization doesn't takeplace.
-All cell divisionsare either amitotic or mitotic.

Fission is the method of asexual reproduction in whicha mother organism divides into two or more daughterorganisms.
Any two types of fission are:
-Binary fission.
-Multiple fission.

The method of asexual reproduction which takes placeby the formation of a bud is called budding.
Any two organisms that reproduce by thismethod are:
-Yeast
-Hydra

The method of asexual reproduction that takesplace by means of spores is called sporulation.
The fact that amoeba reproducebyfissionmeans amoeba itselfdivides into two or moredaughter amoeba for its reproduction.

The method of asexual reproduction in whichmulticellular organisms breaksinto two or morefragments and each fragments develop into newcomplete organism.
Any two organisms that reproduce by regenerationare:
-Planaria
-Tapeworm

The method of asexual reproduction in whichnew plants are produced by cutting, sowing orgrafting of the vegetativeparts of a plant likeroot,stem or leaf is called vegetativepropagation.
The advantages of artificial vegetative propagation are:
-Plants that do not produce viable seeds arepropagated by this method.
-It is cheaper, easierand faster method ofreproduction.
-Seedless fruits can be reproduced by this method.
-The reproduced organisms aregenetically identical.
-The fruit...

The fission in which asingle parent dividesintotwo daughters is called binary fission.
Multiple fission is the method of asexualreproduction in which a parent organism splitsinto more than two daughter organisms at thesame time. The nucleusof plasmodium firstdividesasintomanynuclei and each nuclei are produced asdaughter plasmodiums. In this way, plasmodiumreproduce by multiple fission.

Tissue culture or micropropagation is a moderntechnique of producing new plants from isolatedplant cells or a small piece of plant tissue ina culture solution.
The method of asexual reproduction in thegiven organisms are:

a.Yeast:
-Budding
b.Rose:
-Vegetative propagation
b.Hydra:
-Budding
d.Spirogyra:
-Fragmentation
e.Tapeworm:
-Regeneration
f.Potato:
-Vegetative propagation
g. Moss:
- Sporulation
h.Onion:
-Vegetative propagation
i. Bryophyllum:
-Vegetative propagation
j.Sweet...

The significance of asexual reproduction are:
-It produces new individuals with exactly identicalqualities as the parent.
-It is a faster, easierand cheaper method ofreproduction.
-It reproduces the daughter plants whichyieldsfaster.
-It helps to reproduce the plants which don'tproduce viable seeds.

It is the natural vegetative propagation arialstem.
It is beneficialfor farmers because:
-It is cheaper, easier and faster method ofreproduction.
-Large number of plants can be propagated bythis method.
-Plants who don't produce the viable seedscan be reproduced by it.
-Plants reproduced by this method startsyielding faster.
-Parental genetical identitiesis transferredexactly same.

The process in which reproduction take placeby the fusion of a male and femalegameteis called sexual reproduction.
The basic features of sexual reproduction are:
-Both male and female organisms are involvedin sexual reproduction.
-Male and female produces their respectivegameteswhich are formed due to meiosis.
-A male and female gametefuse to forma diploid zygote.
-zygote dividesmitotically several timesto form a multicellular organism.

We know, flowering plants bears flowers thatconsists of androecium,gynoecium,sepes and petals.After the flower is fully developed, pollen grains getmatured in the anther of flower.Due to differentnatural factors it is transferredfrom anther to stigma.As soon as it reach the ovule, it is fused with female gameteto form a zygote. The zygote develops intofruits and seeds. The developed seed germinate into new baby plant of same kind. In thisway, sexualreproduction takes place in flowering...

Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grainsfrom anther to stigma of a flower.
The difference between selfpollinationand cross pollinationare:

Fertilization is the process of fusion of male andfemale gameteto form a zygote.

a.Binary and Multiple fusion.

b. Sperm and Ovum.

c. Ovum and Zygote.

Layering is the artificial method of reproduction inwhich roots are developedon the stem while thestem is still attached to the parent plant.
The various method of layering are:
-Simple layering.
-Compound layering.
-Tip layering.
-Mound layering.
-Airlayering.

Mound layering is the typical propagation technique in which the original plants are set in the ground with the stem nearby horizontal, which forces side buds to grow upward.
For air layering, the target region of the stem is wounded, or a strip of bark is removed and then encased in a moisture retaining medium. Rooting hormone is often applied to encourage the growth of roots. The wounded portion develops into roots. Finally, the portion is separated from the parent plant to get new plant.

Grafting is the type of vegetative propagation in which a plant of superior quality is obtained by combining the root of a plant andshoot of other plant.
In whip grafting, the scion and the stock arecut slanting and then joined. The grafted pointis then bound with tape or plastic and coveredwith soft wax to prevent dehydration and germs.The scion and stock combine within 2-3 months. Then the plastictape can be removed.

Tongue grafting is the methodof vegetativepropagation in which the lower portion of thescion and upper portion of stock is cut obliquelyto combine them together.

Tissue culture is done because:
-To produce large number of off springs havingsimilar features.
-Adult plants can be produced in short time.
-Many plantlets can be produced without seeds.

For tissue culture, a few cells of a plant to bepropagated are taken and kept into a culturesolutionunder sterile conditions. In this solution asharpless lump is produced by rapid cell divisionsof the plant cell. Then the lump or callus is transferredinto another culture solution containing suitable planthormones, which stimulate the callus to develop roots.Thiscalluswith root is transferred to other culturesolution for its shoot development. Finally,thebaby plants are grown.
Any three...

Name: Mother amoeba
Method: Binary fission

Name: Bryophyllm
Method: Vegetativepropagation by leaf.

Name: Mother Hydra
Method: Budding

The organisms having only one kind of reproductiveorgan(either male or female) is called unisexualorganism.
The organismshaving both kind of reproductiveorgan is called bisexual organism.
For example:
Bisexual: Earthworm
Unisexual: Human beings

An embryo is a young plant or animal in theveryearly stage of development before birth or beforecoming out of its seed or egg.
It is produced by the mitotic cell division of azygote in the early stage of is development.

The significance of sexual reproduction are:
-It give continuity to the race.
-It enables genetic variation which leads toevolution.
-It increases the ability of adaptation.

Sexual reproduction is not possible without meiosis cell division because meiosis cell division male and female gamete cannot be formed and sexual reproduction is impossible. So, meiosis cell division is essential in sexual reproduction.

Pea is bisexual plant i.e antherozoids and ovary mature at the same time and self pollination occurs. So, pea does not required external fertilization.

The small opening at the apex of the integument or in the way to egg from pollen tube is called micropyle.

It is found in gills of mushroom.

The plant of sub kingdom phanerogams have sexual reproduction because they are flowering plant as the flower has male and female reproductive cell or gametes.

The meaning of earthworm reproduce through regeneration is that when earth worm is broken into pieces the new young ones are produced from the broken parts.

The pollen grains can not formed when all the androecium is removed immediately after the flower. The fruit is formed the ovary.

The plant is bryophyllum or begonia. This type of reproduction is known as vegetative propogation. There is no fusion of male and female gamete in this type of reproduction or there is no fertilization so, it is asexual reproduction.